Religion

Religion was absolutely central to life in the middle ages. Popular religion = everyday beliefs and practices of the majority of society. Christianity was religion of the Word in terms of: The basic written text of Christianity is the Bible which recounts the: Doctrine of the late medieval Church was based on: In addition to these works there was an abundance of works such as: Central doctrines of Western Christianity were: The basic doctrines (which all Catholics were required to believe on pain of excommunication in this life and eternal damnation in the next were (as evidence of their faith) expressed in the: Apostles Creed (Document 11) Lords’ Prayer ( Document 10) The Mass and the Sacraments were the main liturgical elements of Western Christian practice. The **Mass** was the **central liturgical practice** of the Catholic church and the **consecration and elevation of the Host** and the Chalice after the consecration, were the **__central moments__** of the Mass. The consecration was believed to reenact the events of the Last Supper and to affirm the salvation of Christian souls through the link with the redemptive act of Christ’s death. There were many other days which formed part of the medieval experience. These were: Some of the devotional rituals were:
 * Topic Two: Popular Religion **
 * Later topics = Topic Seven (Death and Resurrection); Topic Ten (Otherness) **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Literature **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Written word
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">St John’s mystical description of Christ as Logos (the Word) at the beginning of his Gospel.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Story of the Creation
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Fall of Man
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Promise of a Redeemer
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Long wait and the final arrival of the Messiah
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">His sacrificial redemptory act of dying on the Cross
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">His Resurrection and Ascension to Heaven
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Establishment of His Church
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Apostolic work of his followers
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Revealed truth of the Bible
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Writings of the Church Fathers
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Neoplatonism
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Writings of Aristotle
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Many Christian writer and philosophers of the intervening years.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Saints’ lives
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Paslater
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Primers
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Other devotional and meditational works for monastic and lay audiences
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Doctrine **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Unity/Trinity of God
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Incarnation of Christ which was necessary for Redemption of humankind.
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Liturgy **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Feast and fast days
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Other devotional passage, reenactment and purificatory rituals
 * __<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Corpus Christi __<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> processions
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The __Rosary__ (a devotional practice which honoured the Virgin Mary)

<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Popular Religion by Maurice Keen <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In late middle ages, there is more evidence about the religion of more people, beyond the ecclesiastical and social elite than before. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A number of topics need to be observed: __<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Two best defined tendencies were: __ <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mystical movement <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Evangelical, proto-Protestant Lollard heresy (Oxford philosopher John Wyclif as founding father) <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Both stand in sharp contrast with each other religiously. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Here the individual soul and its pilgrimage appears. Especially the pilgrimages of the great souls who had the power to influence society and the moods of its believe. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Popular Religion includes the following topics: <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The best defined tendencies of the time were: <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Religion is always three faceted. It: <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> 1  <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Is a __social phenomenon__ – viewed in its relation to the social structures of the day. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> 2  <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Has its __fashions and conventions__ – which cannot be explained solely in terms of social structures. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> 3  <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">An __Inner and spiritual facet to religion__ – relating to these others but distinct from them. Example: the individual soul and its pilgrimage especially the pilgrimages of those great souls who had power to influence their society and the moods of its belief. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ultimate salvation depends on God’s grace and neither human merit nor human prayer can condition this. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Doctrine of purgatory was developed in the course of the 13th century and evolved in response to a feeling among church leaders and ordinary faithful that it needed clearer definition. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It found profound literary expression in Dante’s Purgatorio; unleashed a torrent of benefactions and bequests to pay for prayers for souls in purgatory. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">These were behind numerous chantry and college foundations of the late middle ages. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Was a corporation of chantry priests praying for the soul of the founder and perhaps is kinsmen and patrons too (eg St George’s, Windsor) <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">College foundation provided for a master or warden and number of fellow chaplains. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Liturgical observance laid down in the founder’s statutes which would ensure if there was an almshouse or school attached that the prayers of bedesmen and children would be added to those of the chaplains for the soul of the founder. __<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">College oundations were often founded __<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> by great magnates: Examples: <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Duke of York’s college at Fotheringhay; Nevilles’ college at Staindrop; Percies’ at Kirby Overblow, Mortimers’ at Stoke-by-Clare. These were sufficiently well endowed to ensure that the chaplains were able to live in comfort and security. Also they could celebrate the masses that could speed a soul’s journey through purgatory. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Laity had one overriding concern – the fate of their souls in the afterlife. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Wills left something for lights, candles and lamps to burn at the church altar and shrines of saints who would intercede for them. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  **<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Up the social scale **<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> were bequests for masses after death – for trentals (a mass 30 days later). //Example:// Joan, Lady Cobham, paid for 7000 masses to be said after her death. Richard, Earl of Arundel left 1000 marks to maintain prayers for his sould in the chapel of Arundel Castle. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  **<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Less well off people **<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">were looked after by the religious fraternities of towns and parishes – guilds and fraternities flourished. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';"> o  <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Better off guilds were great maintainers of chantries <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';"> o  <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Provision of funeral rites and masses was a prime purpose in guild statutes - most included men and women. > //Example//: on the guild’s patronal feast, all were expected to gather to hear mass, and there would be a dinner afterwards, subscribed from common funds. Some provided assistance for members going on pilgrimage. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The **cult of the saints and pilgrimage** > > <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Saints were intercessors between the earthly and heavenly realms. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The **Book of Hours** in the 14th century was among the common possessions among the nobility. A prayer book used by laymen for private devotion, containing prayers or meditations appropriate to certain hours of the day, days of the week, months or seasons. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The most famous Book of Hours and one of the most beautiful of all illuminated manuscripts is the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (Musée Condé, Chantilly), illuminated by the Limburg Brothers for Jean de Berry. Calendars, prayers, psalms and masses for certain holy days were commonly included. Gives glimpses of particular personal attachments to particular saints. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">http://webmuseum.poboxes.info/wm/rh/glo/book-hours.html __<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There was a revival of interest in the English saints of early days. __<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Example: the Northumbrian saints Chad, Wilfrid and John of Beverley all figured prominently in the new 15th century glass of York Minster. In London the cult of St Erkenwald flourished; Salisbury that of St Osmund. __<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cults gathered round the reputations of contemporary holy Englishmen. __<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> The nuns of Hampole kept the shrine of Richard Rolle (d.1349) and treasured his relics; Richard Scrope saintly Archbishop of York beheaded in 1405 for his part in the revolt against Henry IV was commemorated in the Minster glass: he came to be regarded as patron saint of seamen. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Neither Scrope nor Richard Rolle achieved formal canonization but the Austin canon **John of Bridlington** (d.1379) did. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Veneration of saints <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Religion was absolutely central to life in the middle ages. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Popular religion = everyday beliefs and practices of the majority of society. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Christianity was religion of the Word in terms of: <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The basic written text of Christianity is the Bible which recounts the: <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Doctrine of the late medieval Church was based on: <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In addition to these works there was an abundance of works such as: <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Central doctrines of Western Christianity were: <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The basic doctrines (which all Catholics were required to believe on pain of excommunication in this life and eternal damnation in the next were (as evidence of their faith) expressed in the: <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Apostles Creed (Document 11) <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Lords’ Prayer ( Document 10) <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Mass and the Sacraments were the main liturgical elements of Western Christian practice. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The **Mass** was the **central liturgical practice** of the Catholic church and the **consecration and elevation of the Host** and the Chalice after the consecration, were the **__central moments__** of the Mass. The consecration was believed to reenact the events of the Last Supper and to affirm the salvation of Christian souls through the link with the redemptive act of Christ’s death. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There were many other days which formed part of the medieval experience. These were: <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Some of the devotional rituals were:
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The __Holy Office__ (daily round of prayers and chants observed by regular religious).
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">saints’ cults
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">purgatorial belief
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">charitable activity
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">religious societies
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">anchorites and anchoresses
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">church architecture
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">funerary monuments and rites
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Religious history is three faceted. Religion is: **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A social phenomenon – needs to be viewed to social structures of the day
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Has its fashions and conventions – cannot be explained solely in terms of social structures
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">An inner and spiritual factor to religion relating to these others but distinct from them.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Popular Religion by Maurice Keen **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Saints’ cults
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Purgatorial belief
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Charitable activity
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Religious societies
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Anchorites and anchoresses
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Church architecture
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Funerary monuments and rites
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mystical movement and evangelical
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Proto-Protestant Lollard heresy (John Wyclif)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Indulgence **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Was a thriving trade because it fed on “fashion” of belief.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Indulgence remitted not only sin, but purgatorial penance
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This burden could also be lightened by intercessions of saints and prayers of the living.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In conventional religion of late medieval ages, concern with the relief of penance in purgatory is a striking feature.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">unrestricted sale of indulgences by pardoners became a widespread abuse" – many men were ready to buy indulgence from him and also purchase it in other ways too.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Purgatorial belief **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Prayers for the dead **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Colleges **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Methods of securing masses for the safety of the soul **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Masses were bought **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Fraternities **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Did not stint on their prayers for members who had died.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Were prepared to spend generously on some other related religious activities.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pilgrimages **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Were closely connected with the safe passage of the soul in this life and in purgatory after it.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Saints were patrons at the court of the heavenly kingdom.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pilgrimages were prescribed by confessors as a penance for sins and most places of pilgrimage had an indulgence attached to them which those who completed the journey automatically obtained.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Chaucer’s wife of Bath (a lady whose ‘churchiness’ was a major element in her will for social prominence) told of how she had been to Rome, to the shrines of Compostella, the three Kings at Cologne, and to the Holy Land (3 times).
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pilgrimages enormously popular. 1434 royal licences were granted to John Widerous, master of the Christopher of Bristol, to carry 80 passengers on their way to Compostella; to Roger Brok, master of the John of Portsmouth, to carry 60 passengers bound on the same journey; to John Nicoll, master of the Cok John of Fowey to carry 50.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Guide Book by William Wey fellow of Eton. Has accounts on the sights on the way that must not be missed, advice about what one should pay for a bed in Venice and its tips for the final stage of the journey. (Keen, P52)
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">For some travelers, Margery Kemp, burgess wife of Lynn, there was much more to pilgrimage than tourism.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The most frequented domestic shrines were:
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">St Thomas of Canterbury
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Our Lady at Walsingham – the road into Walsingham was known as Palmers’ Way
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Joseph of Arimathea at Glastonbury, Cuthbert at Durham, Confessor at Westminster, Holy Cross at Waltham.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Saints **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Topic Two: Popular Religion **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: red; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Later topics = Topic Seven (Death and Resurrection); Topic Ten (Otherness) **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Literature **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Written word
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">St John’s mystical description of Christ as Logos (the Word) at the beginning of his Gospel.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Story of the Creation
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Fall of Man
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Promise of a Redeemer
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Long wait and the final arrival of the Messiah
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">His sacrificial redemptory act of dying on the Cross
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">His Resurrection and Ascension to Heaven
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Establishment of His Church
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Apostolic work of his followers
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Revealed truth of the Bible
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Writings of the Church Fathers
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Neoplatonism
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Writings of Aristotle
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Many Christian writer and philosophers of the intervening years.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Saints’ lives
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Paslater
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Primers
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Other devotional and meditational works for monastic and lay audiences
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Doctrine **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Unity/Trinity of God
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Incarnation of Christ which was necessary for Redemption of humankind.
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Liturgy **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Feast and fast days
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Other devotional passage, reenactment and purificatory rituals
 * __<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Corpus Christi __<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> processions
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The __Rosary__ (a devotional practice which honoured the Virgin Mary)

<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Popular Religion by Maurice Keen <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In late middle ages, there is more evidence about the religion of more people, beyond the ecclesiastical and social elite than before. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A number of topics need to be observed: __<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Two best defined tendencies were: __ <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mystical movement <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Evangelical, proto-Protestant Lollard heresy (Oxford philosopher John Wyclif as founding father) <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Both stand in sharp contrast with each other religiously. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Here the individual soul and its pilgrimage appears. Especially the pilgrimages of the great souls who had the power to influence society and the moods of its believe. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Popular Religion includes the following topics: <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The best defined tendencies of the time were: <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Religion is always three faceted. It: <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> 1  <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Is a __social phenomenon__ – viewed in its relation to the social structures of the day. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> 2  <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Has its __fashions and conventions__ – which cannot be explained solely in terms of social structures. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> 3  <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">An __Inner and spiritual facet to religion__ – relating to these others but distinct from them. Example: the individual soul and its pilgrimage especially the pilgrimages of those great souls who had power to influence their society and the moods of its belief. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ultimate salvation depends on God’s grace and neither human merit nor human prayer can condition this. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Doctrine of purgatory was developed in the course of the 13th century and evolved in response to a feeling among church leaders and ordinary faithful that it needed clearer definition. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It found profound literary expression in Dante’s Purgatorio; unleashed a torrent of benefactions and bequests to pay for prayers for souls in purgatory. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">These were behind numerous chantry and college foundations of the late middle ages. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Was a corporation of chantry priests praying for the soul of the founder and perhaps is kinsmen and patrons too (eg St George’s, Windsor) <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">College foundation provided for a master or warden and number of fellow chaplains. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Liturgical observance laid down in the founder’s statutes which would ensure if there was an almshouse or school attached that the prayers of bedesmen and children would be added to those of the chaplains for the soul of the founder. __<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">College oundations were often founded __<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> by great magnates: Examples: <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Duke of York’s college at Fotheringhay; Nevilles’ college at Staindrop; Percies’ at Kirby Overblow, Mortimers’ at Stoke-by-Clare. These were sufficiently well endowed to ensure that the chaplains were able to live in comfort and security. Also they could celebrate the masses that could speed a soul’s journey through purgatory. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Laity had one overriding concern – the fate of their souls in the afterlife. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Wills left something for lights, candles and lamps to burn at the church altar and shrines of saints who would intercede for them. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  **<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Up the social scale **<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> were bequests for masses after death – for trentals (a mass 30 days later). //Example:// Joan, Lady Cobham, paid for 7000 masses to be said after her death. Richard, Earl of Arundel left 1000 marks to maintain prayers for his sould in the chapel of Arundel Castle. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  **<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Less well off people **<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">were looked after by the religious fraternities of towns and parishes – guilds and fraternities flourished. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';"> o  <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Better off guilds were great maintainers of chantries <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';"> o  <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Provision of funeral rites and masses was a prime purpose in guild statutes - most included men and women. > //Example//: on the guild’s patronal feast, all were expected to gather to hear mass, and there would be a dinner afterwards, subscribed from common funds. Some provided assistance for members going on pilgrimage. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The **cult of the saints and pilgrimage** > > <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Saints were intercessors between the earthly and heavenly realms. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The **Book of Hours** in the 14th century was among the common possessions among the nobility. A prayer book used by laymen for private devotion, containing prayers or meditations appropriate to certain hours of the day, days of the week, months or seasons. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The most famous Book of Hours and one of the most beautiful of all illuminated manuscripts is the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (Musée Condé, Chantilly), illuminated by the Limburg Brothers for Jean de Berry. Calendars, prayers, psalms and masses for certain holy days were commonly included. Gives glimpses of particular personal attachments to particular saints. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">http://webmuseum.poboxes.info/wm/rh/glo/book-hours.html __<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There was a revival of interest in the English saints of early days. __<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Example: the Northumbrian saints Chad, Wilfrid and John of Beverley all figured prominently in the new 15th century glass of York Minster. In London the cult of St Erkenwald flourished; Salisbury that of St Osmund. __<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cults gathered round the reputations of contemporary holy Englishmen. __<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> The nuns of Hampole kept the shrine of Richard Rolle (d.1349) and treasured his relics; Richard Scrope saintly Archbishop of York beheaded in 1405 for his part in the revolt against Henry IV was commemorated in the Minster glass: he came to be regarded as patron saint of seamen. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Neither Scrope nor Richard Rolle achieved formal canonization but the Austin canon **John of Bridlington** (d.1379) did. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Veneration of saints <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The __Holy Office__ (daily round of prayers and chants observed by regular religious).
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">saints’ cults
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">purgatorial belief
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">charitable activity
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">religious societies
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">anchorites and anchoresses
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">church architecture
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">funerary monuments and rites
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Religious history is three faceted. Religion is: **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A social phenomenon – needs to be viewed to social structures of the day
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Has its fashions and conventions – cannot be explained solely in terms of social structures
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">An inner and spiritual factor to religion relating to these others but distinct from them.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Popular Religion by Maurice Keen **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Saints’ cults
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Purgatorial belief
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Charitable activity
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Religious societies
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Anchorites and anchoresses
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Church architecture
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Funerary monuments and rites
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mystical movement and evangelical
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Proto-Protestant Lollard heresy (John Wyclif)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Indulgence **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Was a thriving trade because it fed on “fashion” of belief.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Indulgence remitted not only sin, but purgatorial penance
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This burden could also be lightened by intercessions of saints and prayers of the living.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In conventional religion of late medieval ages, concern with the relief of penance in purgatory is a striking feature.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">unrestricted sale of indulgences by pardoners became a widespread abuse" – many men were ready to buy indulgence from him and also purchase it in other ways too.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Purgatorial belief **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Prayers for the dead **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Colleges **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Methods of securing masses for the safety of the soul **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Masses were bought **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Fraternities **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Did not stint on their prayers for members who had died.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Were prepared to spend generously on some other related religious activities.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pilgrimages **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Were closely connected with the safe passage of the soul in this life and in purgatory after it.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Saints were patrons at the court of the heavenly kingdom.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pilgrimages were prescribed by confessors as a penance for sins and most places of pilgrimage had an indulgence attached to them which those who completed the journey automatically obtained.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Chaucer’s wife of Bath (a lady whose ‘churchiness’ was a major element in her will for social prominence) told of how she had been to Rome, to the shrines of Compostella, the three Kings at Cologne, and to the Holy Land (3 times).
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pilgrimages enormously popular. 1434 royal licences were granted to John Widerous, master of the Christopher of Bristol, to carry 80 passengers on their way to Compostella; to Roger Brok, master of the John of Portsmouth, to carry 60 passengers bound on the same journey; to John Nicoll, master of the Cok John of Fowey to carry 50.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Guide Book by William Wey fellow of Eton. Has accounts on the sights on the way that must not be missed, advice about what one should pay for a bed in Venice and its tips for the final stage of the journey. (Keen, P52)
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">For some travelers, Margery Kemp, burgess wife of Lynn, there was much more to pilgrimage than tourism.
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The most frequented domestic shrines were:
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">St Thomas of Canterbury
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Our Lady at Walsingham – the road into Walsingham was known as Palmers’ Way
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Joseph of Arimathea at Glastonbury, Cuthbert at Durham, Confessor at Westminster, Holy Cross at Waltham.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Saints **
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">